This is the first comprehensive translation of the expanded French version of E.F.F. Chladni's Traité d'Acoustique, using Chladni's 1802 Die Akustik for reference and clarification. Chladni's experiments and observations with sound and vibrations profoundly influenced the development of the field of Acoustics. The famous Chladni diagrams along with other observations are contained in Die Akustik, published in German in 1802 and Traité d'Acoustique, a greatly expanded version, published in French in 1809. The present translation was undertaken by Robert T. Beyer, (...) PhD (1920-2008), noted acoustician, Professor of Physics at Brown University, and Gold Medal recipient of the Acoustical Society of America. Along with many other projects completed over the course of his career, Dr. Beyer translated Von Neumann's seminal work, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics from the original German, spent 30 years translating Russian physics treatises and journals, served as editor of the English translation of the Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, and also authored Sounds of our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics. Represents the first comprehensive English translation of a seminal work in acoustics Translated by a prominent acoustician, and former Gold Medal recipient of the Acoustical Society of America In addition to the classic experiments with glass plates and violin bows, covers topics in music, architecture, and anatomy of human and animal hearing Appeals to a wide audience in physics, acoustics, and history of science. (shrink)

I leave it open whether the teleological, cosmological and ontological arguments can be held together by simply stating that the common experience of our daily waking from sleep is direct evidence of God's actuality. St. Paul's vision that in God "we live and move and have our being" seems to support directly the practical value of efforts towards a restatement of the traditional arguments. It may be also of significant value for our educational systems, to give a positive content to (...) the somewhat negative term, transcendence. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This book is the most comprehensive, integrated explanatory account yet published of the properties of question formations and their variation across languages. It makes an important contribution to the current debate over whether syntax should be understood derivationally, arguing that thebest model of language is one in which sentences are constructed in a series of operations that precede or follow each other in time. The central problem it addresses is the nature of the difference between (a) languages in which all (...) wh-words move overtly to a clause-initial position (exemplified byBulgarian); (b) languages in which one wh-phrase moves per clause but all others remain in situ (exemplified by English); and (c) languages in which there is no overt movement at all (exemplified by Japanese). Professor Richards focuses on the nature of syntactic movement in order to see what this reveals about the syntactic derivation. He considers the nature of interactions between movement operations and investigates the behaviour of multiple overt wh-movement, scrambling, cliticization, and objectshift. His general conclusions about the relationship between movement and multiple specifiers follow straightforwardly from basic principles of Shortest Move and Shortest Attract. He develops a PF-imposed well-formedness condition on movement chains (essentially, a requirement that a single memberof the chain be unambiguously identified as the copy to be pronounced), which allows for the development of theories of anti-agreement, the that-trace effect, and the conditions on participial agreement in Romance, among other phenomena. He defends the claim that well-formed dependencies can improvethe status of ill-formed dependencies created later in the derivation, illustrating the explanatory power, under certain structural conditions, of his Principle of Minimal Compliance. He uses data on the locality of wh-movement to argue that the Principle of Minimal Compliance is responsible for anumber of the apparent distinctions between overt and covert movement. This book will interest syntacticians at graduate level and above as well as linguistic theorists concerned with the syntax-semantics interface. (shrink)

Each member of pragmatism's triumvirate is the subject of a separate study which sketches his intellectual biography, surveys his philosophical position, and takes account of the typical criticisms. The accounts are not subtle.--A. E. F.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Notes on Hesiod's Works and Days, 383-828E. F. BeallErrata: In E. F. Beall's "Notes on Hesiod's Works and Days, 383- 828," AJP 122.2 (June 2001):155-71, the references to the works of Hoekstra and Solmsen were inadvertently switched in proofs to cite the wrong work of each author. Page 156, notes 5 and 9 should have referred to Hoekstra's "Hésiode, Les Travaux et les jours..."; page 158, note 14 should (...) have referred to Solmsen's Hesiodi: Theogonia, Opera et Dies, Scutum. We regret the error. [End Page 154]In the interests of stimulating critical attention to the works and days proper of the Works and Days, lines 383-828, I offer some remarks on selected problems of the text.11. The poem's addressee will need(405-6)West2 and others suspect 406,3 mostly becfause Aristotle does not observe it and sees the gunē as a wife (Oec. 1343a, Pol. 1252b),4 but several critics beginning with Scaliger (sixteenth century) have noted that this is no [End Page 155] basis for doubt. Although some merely impugn the philosopher's memory without evidence, Lanzi in his 1808 commentary and Erbse (1993, 24) make a substantive point: marriage upon starting farming (prōtista) is inconsistent with Hesiod's advice to wait until age thirty at 696-97.5 One can respond that Aristotle may have different recensions from ours here (one without 406 and 695-705) and elsewhere.6 But if the issue is whose recensions are best, then despite any feeling that Aristotle is "closer" to the originals, other epic citations hurt the case for his texts. For example,7 we read today that trembling (tromos) seized (hele) Hector upon meeting Achilles (Il. 22.136), and he fled for a time (to 22.225); yet Aristotle says (EE 1230a) that what seized (heile) him at the encounter was shame (aidōs), making him brave and able to face the danger. At first sight this conflates the actual line with an earlier one, 22.105 (= 6.442): Hector is ashamed (aideomai) for urging battle at another time.8 But possibly Aristotle has, rather, a version of the Iliad without character development, where Hector and Achilles get right to their contest. If so, our version is superior: the temporary flight allows introduction of a wealth of detail; see Richardson 1993, 121-32. With Hesiod, Metaphysics 984b omits Theogony 118, to make Gaea/Earth support not just all the gods of Olympus but simply "all," a role few would now agree the poem could intend for her. Lesser concerns about 406 being easily met,9 it may be kept in the text bequeathed to us. [End Page 156]2.10(410-13)Etōsioergos is often construed as "lazy" or the like. Thus West explains the word as the man's neglect of his ergon rendering it etōsios, "useless." But as Lehrs says against Voss's equivalent, "säumiger," etōsio-ergos is really frustra-laborans: acting uselessly, that is, without purpose; it is not causing uselessness via inaction.11 Thus, for example, Tandy and Neale: "works at vain tasks." Etōsioergos should be different from anaballomenos in 412, given ou... oude, contra West's forced interpretation of hendiadys. The "lazy" construal may stem from belief that gar indicates explanation of anaballesthai in 410, but this particle's causal thrust is inherently loose. Moreover, it can govern more than a clause or sentence (de Jong), and it is natural to take the entire segment 411-13 as the quasi-explanation of 410.12 In short, 411 and 412 single out two distinct modes of avoiding serious work, puttering and putting off, rather than simply attack the avoidance in broad strokes twice. It is also possible that 413 adds yet a third mode: Amboliergos might be "working sporadically" rather than delaying the required labor all at once. Anabolē in its sense of "thrown upward" can refer to an intermittent process (as a boiling liquid makes bubbles; Arist., Pr. 936b), so that the delay of any entity to which it was prefixed might be thought fragmented. [End Page 157... (shrink)

This is the only complete English translation of one of the most significant and fascinating works of the great philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. The Parerga are six long essays; the Paralipomena are shorter writings arranged under thirty-one different subject-headings. These works won widespread attention on their publication in 1851, and helped secure lasting international fame for Schopenhauer. Their intellectual vigour, literary power, and rich diversity are still striking today. They are essential to a full understanding of Schopenhauer's thought.